The little turtle can see the grass. The little turtle can see the trees. The little turtle can see the flowers. These are the opening lines to one popular reading program’s leveled books: short, ...

“Leveled reading,” a pedagogical theory that promotes teaching students using books they can already read, is popular in K–12 education. Empirical evidence, however, demonstrates that leveled reading ...

Timothy E Shanahan does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond ...

Timothy Shanahan, a professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Chicago, has spent his career evaluating education research and helping teachers figure out what works best in the classroom. A ...